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談結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計的一些經(jīng)驗 Experience in Structural Optimization Design結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計是在滿足規(guī)范要求、保證結(jié)構(gòu)安全和建筑產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)的前提下，通過合理的結(jié)構(gòu)布置、科學(xué)的計算論證、適度的構(gòu)造措施，充分發(fā)揮材料性能、合理節(jié)約造價的設(shè)計方法。結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計在當(dāng)前競爭日益激烈的建筑設(shè)計市場成為大勢所趨。如何在滿足建筑功能的前提下，保證結(jié)構(gòu)安全并控制含鋼量成為擺在結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計工程師面前的現(xiàn)實課題。本文總結(jié)了以往的設(shè)計經(jīng)驗，參考了相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)，給出了結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計的步驟和一些具體措施，供設(shè)計人員參考。 Structural optimization design is a design method that fully utilizes material performance and saves costs through reasonable structural layout, scientific calculation and demonstration, and appropriate structural measures, while meeting regulatory requirements, ensuring structural safety and building product quality. Structural optimization design has become a trend in the increasingly competitive architectural design market. How to ensure structural safety and control steel content while meeting building functions has become a practical issue for structural design engineers. This article summarizes past design experience, references relevant literature, and provides steps and specific measures for structural optimization design for designers to refer to. 1、結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計的步驟 The steps of structural optimization design 筆者認(rèn)為，結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計的合理步驟應(yīng)該是：①在方案階段，通過與建筑專業(yè)的充分溝通，對建筑的平面布置、立面造型、柱網(wǎng)布置等提出合理的建議和要求，使結(jié)構(gòu)的高度、復(fù)雜程度、不規(guī)則程度均控制在合理范圍內(nèi)，避免抗震審查，為降低含鋼量爭取主動權(quán)；②在初步設(shè)計階段，通過對結(jié)構(gòu)體系、結(jié)構(gòu)布置、建筑材料、設(shè)計參數(shù)、基礎(chǔ)型式等內(nèi)容的多方案技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)性比較，選出最優(yōu)方案，整體控制含鋼量；③在具體計算過程中，通過精確的荷載計算、細(xì)致的模型調(diào)整，使結(jié)構(gòu)達(dá)到最優(yōu)受力狀態(tài)，進(jìn)一步降低用鋼量；④在施工圖階段通過精細(xì)的配筋設(shè)計摳出多余鋼筋，徹底降低含鋼量。 In the author's opinion, the reasonable steps for structural optimization design should be: ① In the scheme stage, through sufficient communication with the architectural profession, reasonable suggestions and requirements should be put forward for the layout, facade shape, column grid layout, etc. of the building, so that the height, complexity, and irregularity of the structure are controlled within a reasonable range, avoiding seismic review and striving for initiative to reduce the steel content; ② In the preliminary design stage, by comparing the technical and economic feasibility of multiple schemes such as structural system, structural layout, building materials, design parameters, and foundation types, the optimal scheme is selected and the steel content is controlled as a whole In the specific calculation process, precise load calculation and meticulous model adjustment are used to achieve the optimal stress state of the structure, further reducing the amount of steel used During the construction drawing stage, excess steel bars are removed through meticulous reinforcement design to completely reduce the steel content. 在進(jìn)行多方案的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)性比較時，應(yīng)綜合考慮材料費、模板費、基坑開挖降水支護(hù)費用、措施費、施工難易、工期長短等因素，與甲方協(xié)商后擇優(yōu)選用。 When comparing the technical and economic feasibility of multiple plans, factors such as material costs, formwork costs, excavation and dewatering support costs for foundation pits, measure costs, construction difficulties, and project duration should be comprehensively considered, and the optimal selection should be made after consultation with Party A. 2、結(jié)構(gòu)體系與布置優(yōu)化 Structural system and layout optimization 結(jié)構(gòu)體系和布置對造價影響很大，應(yīng)予重視。 The structural system and layout have a significant impact on the cost and should be taken seriously. 1)應(yīng)根據(jù)建筑布置、高度和使用功能要求選擇經(jīng)濟(jì)合理的結(jié)構(gòu)體系。比如，異形柱框架比普通框架用鋼量大，在可能的情況下盡量采用前者；短肢剪力墻比普通剪力墻含鋼量高，在可能的情況下盡量采用后者。 An economically reasonable structural system should be selected based on the requirements of building layout, height, and functional use. For example, irregular column frames require more steel than ordinary frames, and should be used whenever possible; Short leg shear walls have a higher steel content than ordinary shear walls, and the latter should be used whenever possible.
2)應(yīng)選擇比較規(guī)則的平面方案和立面方案。盡量避免平面凸凹不規(guī)則或樓板開大洞，控制平面長寬比，合理設(shè)縫，使結(jié)構(gòu)剛度中心與質(zhì)量中心盡量靠近。豎向應(yīng)避免有過大的外挑或內(nèi)收，同時注意限制薄弱層、躍層、轉(zhuǎn)換層等不利因素，使側(cè)向剛度和水平承載力沿高度盡量均勻平緩變化。 A more regular plan and elevation scheme should be chosen. Try to avoid irregularities in the plane or large openings in the floor slab, control the aspect ratio of the plane, set joints reasonably, and make the center of structural stiffness and mass as close as possible. Vertical should avoid excessive outward or inward overhang, while paying attention to limiting unfavorable factors such as weak layers, jump layers, and transition layers, so that the lateral stiffness and horizontal bearing capacity vary as evenly and smoothly as possible along the height. 5)剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化空間很大，應(yīng)下大力氣優(yōu)化。剪力墻的布置宜規(guī)則、均勻、對稱，以控制結(jié)構(gòu)扭轉(zhuǎn)變形。在滿足規(guī)范和計算的前提下應(yīng)盡量減少墻的數(shù)量，限制墻肢長度，控制連梁剛度，剪力墻能落地的就全部落地不做框支轉(zhuǎn)換層，平面能布置成大開問的盡量布置成大開間，墻體的厚度滿足構(gòu)造要求和軸壓比的要求即可。連梁剛度太大時可通過梁中開水平縫變成雙梁、增大跨高比等措施降低連梁剛度。盡量少用短肢剪力墻，限制“一”字墻，少做轉(zhuǎn)換。 The optimization space for shear wall structures is large, and great efforts should be made to optimize them. The arrangement of shear walls should be regular, uniform, and symmetrical to control structural torsional deformation. On the premise of meeting specifications and calculations, the number of walls should be minimized as much as possible, the length of wall limbs should be limited, the stiffness of connecting beams should be controlled, and all shear walls that can land should not be supported by frame transfer layers. If the plane can be arranged with large openings, it should be arranged with large openings as much as possible. The thickness of the wall should meet the requirements of structural requirements and axial compression ratio. When the stiffness of the connecting beam is too high, measures such as changing the water level joint in the beam into a double beam and increasing the span to height ratio can be taken to reduce the stiffness of the connecting beam. Try to minimize the use of short leg shear walls, limit the use of "one" walls, and make fewer conversions. 6)降低含鋼量的小技巧：①樓電梯間不宣布置在房屋端部或轉(zhuǎn)角處。因其空間剛度較小，設(shè)在端部對抗扭不利，設(shè)在轉(zhuǎn)角處應(yīng)力集中。②框架結(jié)構(gòu)層剛度較弱時，加大柱尺寸或梁高都可顯著增大層剛度，而提高混凝土強(qiáng)度效果不明顯。③柱的截面尺寸，多層宜2層～3層調(diào)整一次，高層宜結(jié)合混凝土強(qiáng)度的調(diào)整每5層～8層調(diào)整一次。④多層框架結(jié)構(gòu)位移超標(biāo)時，可布置少量剪力 A small trick to reduce steel content: ① The elevator lobby should not be arranged at the end or corner of the building. Due to its low spatial stiffness, it is not suitable for resisting torsion at the end and stress concentration at the corner When the stiffness of the frame structure layer is weak, increasing the column size or beam height can significantly increase the layer stiffness, while the effect of improving concrete strength is not significant The cross-sectional size of the column should be adjusted every 2-3 layers for multiple layers, and every 5-8 layers for high-rise layers based on the adjustment of concrete strength When the displacement of a multi story frame structure exceeds the standard, a small amount of shear force can be arranged The wall meets the requirements. At this time, the seismic grade is still determined according to the frame structure, and the seismic grade of the shear wall can be level three without a bottom reinforcement zone. At the same time, the frame part should also meet the bearing capacity requirements of the frame when not included in the shear wall Fill the wall under the window of the shear wall as much as possible, which can prolong the period and save costs When the shear wall structure has only a small number of wall limbs that do not touch the ground, frame support conversion, and its load area accounts for a small range of floor area (≤ 10%), it can be considered as only converting individual components, and it is not necessary to use the entire floor as a conversion floor Install beams as much as possible on the top and bottom of the infill wall without affecting aesthetics and usability. There is no need to install beams under the partition wall, and reinforcement can be added to the reinforcement When the length of the overhanging balcony is greater than 1.2m, the beam slab stress system should be given priority consideration The cross-section of the beam should be taken as normal as possible, with fewer wide and flat beams, and the reinforcement ratio should also be controlled within 1.5% Try to avoid beam width ≥ 350mm as much as possible, otherwise the stirrups need to use 4-piece stirrups according to the structural requirements, resulting in an increase in the amount of stirrups used. (11). When the span of stair components and stair slabs is greater than 3m or the live load is large, beam stairs should be given priority consideration. (12). Father's building components, including decorative components, prioritize the use of reinforced concrete structures. 3、材料優(yōu)化 材料自重對結(jié)構(gòu)受力影響較大，應(yīng)盡量選用輕型材料。如填充墻、隔墻采用輕質(zhì)材料，可顯著減輕自重，降低含鋼量。 The self weight of materials has a significant impact on the structural stress, and lightweight materials should be selected as much as possible. If lightweight materials are used for filling walls and partitions, it can significantly reduce their own weight and lower the steel content. 混凝土價格相對便宜，可適當(dāng)提高混凝土強(qiáng)度等級以減少鋼筋用量，但混凝土強(qiáng)度等級越高越容易開裂，所以也不能太高。一般建議梁板混凝土等級取C30，墻柱混凝土等級取C25—弭O(斷面與標(biāo)號間取最優(yōu)值)，轉(zhuǎn)換層水平構(gòu)件取C40，非承重構(gòu)件取C20，基礎(chǔ)取C30,--C35，墊層取C15。一般樓層越高受力越小，故混凝土強(qiáng)度等級宜從下到上逐漸減小。為便于施工，同一樓層各構(gòu)件最好采用同一等級混凝土。 The price of concrete is relatively cheap, and the strength grade of concrete can be appropriately increased to reduce the amount of steel reinforcement. However, the higher the strength grade of concrete, the more likely it is to crack, so it cannot be too high. It is generally recommended to use C30 concrete grade for beams and slabs, C25-O concrete grade for walls and columns (taking the optimal value between section and grade), C40 for horizontal components of the transfer layer, C20 for non load bearing components, and C30 for foundations-- C35， The cushion layer is made of C15. Generally, the higher the floor, the lower the stress, so the concrete strength grade should gradually decrease from bottom to top. For the convenience of construction, it is best to use the same grade of concrete for each component on the same floor. 關(guān)于鋼筋的優(yōu)化，將在配筋設(shè)計部分論述。 The optimization of steel bars will be discussed in the reinforcement design section. 4、荷載優(yōu)化 Load optimization 荷載輸入值的計算是否準(zhǔn)確，關(guān)系到整個工程的含鋼量是否正常。荷載的計算應(yīng)盡量精確，做到不漏算、不重算、不多算、不錯算。荷載取值應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按照最新版荷載規(guī)范取用，不要擅自放人。對于一些特殊功能的建筑，應(yīng)會同甲方共同測算荷載的取值。 The accuracy of the calculation of the load input value is related to whether the steel content of the entire project is normal. The calculation of load should be as accurate as possible, without omission, re calculation, over calculation, or inaccurate calculation. The load value should be strictly taken according to the latest version of the load specification, and no one should be placed without authorization. For some buildings with special functions, the value of the load should be calculated jointly with Party A. 填充墻上門窗開洞面積較大時，應(yīng)扣洞口部分的重量。地面、樓面、屋面、填充墻、隔墻、構(gòu)架、線條等恒載取值應(yīng)按建筑做法和大樣詳細(xì)計算。 When filling the wall with large openings for doors and windows, the weight of the opening should be deducted. The constant load values of the ground, floor, roof, infill walls, partition walls, framework, lines, etc. should be calculated in detail according to the construction methods and detailed drawings. 對于GB 50009-2001第4．1．2條所列可折減的項目，應(yīng)嚴(yán)格按所列系數(shù)折減，尤其是消防車活載。 For the items listed in Article 4.1.2 of GB 50009-2001 that can be reduced, they should be strictly reduced according to the coefficients listed, especially the live load of fire trucks. 通過檢查PKPM總信息中單位面積質(zhì)量數(shù)值可以判斷出荷載輸入是否正常。一般設(shè)計較合理的住宅結(jié)構(gòu)，單位面積的荷載標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值為：框架結(jié)構(gòu)1 lkN／m2~13 kN／m2，框剪結(jié)構(gòu)13 kN／m2~16 kN／m2，剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)14kN／m2~18kN／m2。 By checking the unit area mass value in the PKPM total information, it can be determined whether the load input is normal. The standard load values per unit area for generally well-designed residential structures are: 1 kN/m2~13 kN/m2 for frame structures, 13 kN/m2~16 kN/m2 for frame shear structures, and 14 kN/m2~18 kN/m2 for shear wall structures. 5、設(shè)計參數(shù)優(yōu)化 Design parameter optimization 設(shè)計參數(shù)直接影響著含鋼量的變化，因此必須弄清楚每個參數(shù)的內(nèi)涵，正確地選用。筆者總結(jié)經(jīng)驗、參考文獻(xiàn)后給出以下建議： The design parameters directly affect the variation of steel content, so it is necessary to clarify the connotation of each parameter and select it correctly. After summarizing experience and referencing literature, the author provides the following suggestions: 1)普通柱按單偏壓計算，雙偏壓校核，異型柱才按雙偏壓計算。按雙偏壓計算時柱鋼筋用量顯著增加。 Ordinary columns are calculated based on single bias voltage and double bias voltage verification, while special-shaped columns are calculated based on double bias voltage. When calculated under double bias, the amount of steel reinforcement in the column significantly increases. 2)偶然偏心和雙向地震不同時考慮。考慮雙向地震影響會使結(jié)構(gòu)用鋼量增加。一般較規(guī)則的結(jié)構(gòu)，扭轉(zhuǎn)效應(yīng)較小，可只計算單向地震力(考慮偶然偏心影響)，不考慮雙向地震影響。但如果結(jié)構(gòu)的質(zhì)量和剛度分布明顯不對稱、扭轉(zhuǎn)嚴(yán)重時，應(yīng)計入雙向水平地震作用下的扭轉(zhuǎn)影響。如何判斷結(jié)構(gòu)是否扭轉(zhuǎn)嚴(yán)重，作者贊同文獻(xiàn)[3]的看法，即當(dāng)樓層最大彈性水平位移(或?qū)娱g位移)與該層兩端彈性水平位移(或?qū)娱g位移)平均值的比值A(chǔ)級高度大于1．4、B級高度或復(fù)雜高層大于1．3時，可認(rèn)為結(jié)構(gòu)扭轉(zhuǎn)比較明顯，需要考慮雙向地震作用。多層結(jié)構(gòu)參考高層取值。 Occasional eccentricity and bidirectional earthquakes are not considered simultaneously. Considering the impact of bidirectional earthquakes will increase the amount of steel used in the structure. Generally, regular structures have small torsional effects and can only calculate unidirectional seismic forces (considering accidental eccentricity effects) without considering bidirectional seismic effects. But if the quality and stiffness distribution of the structure are significantly asymmetric and the torsion is severe, the torsional effect under bidirectional horizontal seismic action should be taken into account. How to determine whether the structure is severely twisted? The author agrees with the view of reference [3], that is, when the ratio of the maximum elastic horizontal displacement (or inter story displacement) of a floor to the average elastic horizontal displacement (or inter story displacement) at both ends of the floor is greater than 1.4 for Class A height and greater than 1.3 for Class B height or complex high-rise buildings, it can be considered that the structural torsion is relatively obvious and bidirectional seismic action needs to be considered. Multi layer structure refers to the values of high-rise buildings.
When the torsional displacement ratio of the structure exceeds the limit, the following measures can be taken for adjustment: ① Adjust the plane layout to make the center of mass as close as possible to the center of rigidity; ② Strengthen the stiffness of the outer ring components of the structure to improve its torsional resistance; ③ Increase the cross-section of walls, columns, and beams, and change the ratio of inter story stiffness to floor stiffness; ④ Change the direction of the walls and columns to make the stiffness in the x and y directions close, and try to make the displacement ratio less than 1.3, so as not to consider bidirectional seismic effects. 3)計算位移角時可不考慮偶然偏心，有利于滿足規(guī)范限值要求，見《高層建筑混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)技術(shù)規(guī)程》ts]4．6．3條。 When calculating the displacement angle, accidental eccentricity can be disregarded, which is beneficial for meeting the limit requirements of the specifications, as stated in Article 4.6.3 of the Technical Code for Concrete Structures of Tall Buildings. 4)豎向構(gòu)件考慮活荷載折減，可降低用鋼量。反映在PlUM計算參數(shù)中就是：柱、墻和傳到基礎(chǔ)的活荷載在SATWE中折減(在PM中一般不折減)。 Considering live load reduction for vertical components can reduce the amount of steel used. Reflected in the calculation parameters of PlUM is that the live loads transmitted to the foundation, columns, walls, and foundations are reduced in SATWE (generally not reduced in PM). 5)梁柱重疊部分考慮剛域影響，可降低梁的配筋，不考慮剛域影響時梁負(fù)筋應(yīng)按柱邊彎矩配筋。 Considering the influence of the rigid domain on the overlapping part of the beam and column can reduce the reinforcement of the beam. When the influence of the rigid domain is not considered, the negative reinforcement of the beam should be reinforced according to the bending moment at the column edge. 6)梁設(shè)計彎矩放大系數(shù)及配筋放大系數(shù)取1．0。樓面本身荷載和梁荷均已經(jīng)乘以大于1的分項系數(shù)，梁計算中即使不放大也已經(jīng)存在安全儲備，沒有必要再對彎矩放大系數(shù)及配筋放大系數(shù)進(jìn)行放大。在后期施工圖設(shè)計時再針對薄弱的部分比如懸挑梁等進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)姆糯�，提高其安全儲備�?/p> The design bending moment amplification factor and reinforcement amplification factor of the beam are taken as 1.0. The floor load and beam load have already been multiplied by sub factors greater than 1. Even if the beam calculation is not enlarged, there is already a safety reserve, and there is no need to enlarge the bending moment amplification factor and reinforcement amplification factor. In the later stage of construction drawing design, appropriate enlargement should be made for weak parts such as cantilever beams to improve their safety reserve. 7)梁剛度放大系數(shù)，中梁宜取2．0，邊梁宜取1．5。梁剛度放大系數(shù)主要反映現(xiàn)澆樓板作為梁的有效翼緣對樓面梁剛度的貢獻(xiàn)。由于剛度大小直接影響內(nèi)力分配，不考慮該系數(shù)將使梁配筋偏小，考慮不當(dāng)會使構(gòu)件配筋不準(zhǔn)確，都不利于結(jié)構(gòu)安全。 The amplification factor of beam stiffness should be 2.0 for the middle beam and 1.5 for the edge beam. The amplification factor of beam stiffness mainly reflects the contribution of cast-in-place floor slabs as effective flanges of beams to the stiffness of floor beams. Due to the direct impact of stiffness on internal force distribution, not considering this coefficient will result in a smaller reinforcement of the beam. Improper consideration will lead to inaccurate reinforcement of the components, which is not conducive to structural safety. 8)周期折減系數(shù)直接影響到豎向構(gòu)件的配筋，如果盲目折減，勢必造成結(jié)構(gòu)剛度過大，吸收的地震力也增大，最后導(dǎo)致墻柱配筋增大。周期折減系數(shù)應(yīng)根據(jù)填充墻實際分布情況慎重選擇，純剪力墻結(jié)構(gòu)自振周期可以不折減(取1．O)。 The periodic reduction factor directly affects the reinforcement of vertical components. If it is blindly reduced, it will inevitably result in excessive structural stiffness, increased absorption of seismic forces, and ultimately lead to increased reinforcement of walls and columns. The period reduction factor should be carefully selected based on the actual distribution of infill walls, and the natural vibration period of pure shear wall structures can be left unchanged (taken as 1. O). 9)PKPM中如次梁單獨輸入，則PKPM默認(rèn)對次梁不調(diào)幅，此時應(yīng)將其改為“調(diào)幅梁”，可節(jié)約部分鋼筋。 If the secondary beam is inputted separately in PKPM, PKPM defaults to not modulating the secondary beam. In this case, it should be changed to "modulating beam" to save some steel bars. 、 10)剪力墻連梁跨高比大于5時，受力特征己變成受彎為主，應(yīng)按框架梁輸入并且不能定義為連梁。當(dāng)梁一端與剪力墻平面外相接時不論跨高比為多少都不應(yīng)定義為連梁。 When the span to height ratio of shear wall connecting beams is greater than 5, the stress characteristics have become mainly bending, and should be input as frame beams and cannot be defined as connecting beams. When one end of the beam is externally connected to the shear wall plane, regardless of the span to height ratio, it should not be defined as a connecting beam. 11)減小結(jié)構(gòu)扭轉(zhuǎn)可降低用鋼量，故應(yīng)盡力調(diào)整計算模型使最大位移與層平均位移之比、最大層問位移與平均層間位移之比小于1．3，并使第一、第二振型為平動，第一扭轉(zhuǎn)周期與第一平動周期之比小于0．85。 Reducing structural torsion can reduce the amount of steel used, so efforts should be made to adjust the calculation model to ensure that the ratio of maximum displacement to average displacement, the ratio of maximum inter story displacement to average inter story displacement is less than 1.3, and that the first and second vibration modes are translational, with the ratio of the first torsion period to the first translational period being less than 0.85.
12)樓層層間最大位移與層高之比△u／h比規(guī)范限值略小即可，且兩個主軸方向位移角計算結(jié)果越接近越好。如框架結(jié)構(gòu)位移角限值為1／550，實際結(jié)構(gòu)X、y向最大層間位移角為1／(560,---,580)時較經(jīng)濟(jì)。結(jié)構(gòu)越剛，地震反應(yīng)越大，含鋼量越高，延性越差。另外，各個樓層之間的彈性位移角最好均勻變化，不要突變。 13)對框架一抗震墻結(jié)構(gòu)框架部分的底層柱底，可不乘以彎矩放大系數(shù)，見《建筑抗震設(shè)計規(guī)范》t616．2．3條條文說明。 For the bottom column of the frame part of the seismic wall structure, the moment amplification factor may not be multiplied, as stated in Article T6162.3 of the "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings". 14)對于上海地區(qū)工程，《上海市建筑抗震設(shè)計規(guī)程》6．1．19條規(guī)定：當(dāng)?shù)叵率翼敯遄鳛樯喜拷Y(jié)構(gòu)的嵌固部位時，地下室結(jié)構(gòu)的樓層側(cè)向(剪切)剛度不宜小于上部樓層側(cè)向(剪切)剛度的1．5倍。據(jù)此可放寬對地下室的剛度要求，節(jié)約部分鋼筋。 For engineering projects in the Shanghai area, Article 6.1.19 of the Shanghai Code for Seismic Design of Buildings stipulates that when the basement roof is used as the embedded part of the upper structure, the lateral (shear) stiffness of the basement structure should not be less than 1.5 times that of the upper floor. Based on this, the stiffness requirements for the basement can be relaxed, saving some steel bars.
15)檢查PKPM的總信息、位移、周期、地震力與振型輸出文件，查看各個指標(biāo)是否控制在合理范圍內(nèi)：如軸壓比、剪重比、剛度比、位移比、周期、剛重比、層間受剪承載力比、有效質(zhì)量比、超筋信息等。如均在合理范圍內(nèi)，說明結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計較合理，否則應(yīng)繼續(xù)優(yōu)化。 Check the total information, displacement, period, seismic force and mode output files of PKPM to see if each indicator is controlled within a reasonable range, such as axial compression ratio, shear weight ratio, stiffness ratio, displacement ratio, period, stiffness weight ratio, inter story shear bearing capacity ratio, effective mass ratio, over reinforcement information, etc. If everything is within a reasonable range, it indicates that the structural design is reasonable. Otherwise, optimization should continue.
16)設(shè)計較合理的結(jié)構(gòu)，基本上符合以下規(guī)律： A well-designed structure that basically conforms to the following rules: (1)柱、墻的軸力設(shè)計值絕大部分為壓力； The majority of the axial force design values for columns and walls are pressure; (2)柱、墻大部分構(gòu)件為構(gòu)造配筋； Most of the components of columns and walls are structural reinforcement; (3)底層柱、墻軸壓比大部分比規(guī)范限值小0．15以內(nèi)； The axial compression ratio of the bottom columns and walls is mostly within 0.15 less than the standard limit; (4)梁基本上無超筋； The beam has basically no excess reinforcement; (5)剪力墻符合截面抗剪要求； The shear wall meets the requirements for section shear resistance; (6)梁抗剪不滿足要求的截面和抗扭超限截面沒有或很少； There are no or very few sections of beams that do not meet the requirements for shear resistance and exceed the limit for torsion resistance; (7)大部分構(gòu)件的配筋率在表1范圍內(nèi)。 The reinforcement ratio of most components is within the range of Table 1. 6、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)計優(yōu)化 Basic design optimization 基礎(chǔ)造價占結(jié)構(gòu)造價比重最大，基礎(chǔ)的節(jié)省將對整個工程造價的降低起決定性的作用�；A(chǔ)設(shè)計的關(guān)鍵是合理選擇基礎(chǔ)形式。 The basic cost accounts for the largest proportion of the structural cost, and the savings in the foundation will play a decisive role in reducing the overall project cost. The key to basic design is to choose a reasonable form of foundation. Generally, shallow buried natural foundations are preferred for low rise residential buildings, while settlement control composite foundations (including composite pile foundations, with basement allowed) are preferred for multi story residential buildings. For deep buried independent basements, compensatory foundations may be considered. When setting up a basement, sufficient comparison and scientific verification should be conducted on the burial depth, anti floating water level, pile type, bottom and top plate structure form, side wall design, and foundation pit enclosure of the basement, in order to save costs as much as possible using scientific and reasonable methods.
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